Citation in MLA and in APA Writing Tim Fitzmaurice
Use the resources in the library to be sure you are correct. Find it by going to the university library website. http://library.ucsc.edu/ Click on Research.
MLA (Modern Language Association) is for Humanities writing. This system values first names or authors, and puts the date at the end because it doesn’t matter who had the latest idea only who had the best idea. Is the last history book or literary critique the best? Not necessarily.
http://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/mla_citations.html
Here’s some examples of the MLA citation. When you quote or refer to a text, you include the title and author and put the page number in parenthesis in the essay. Then you put the citation at the end in the Works Cited.
Book by one author
Rattenbury, Ken. Duke Ellington, Jazz Composer. New Haven: Yale UP, 1990.
Book by two or more authors
Jakobson, Roman, and Linda R. Waugh. The Sound Shape of Language. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1975.
An anthology or compilation
Frye, Northrop, ed. Sound and Poetry. New York: Columbia UP, 1957.
Work in an anthology
Allende, Isabel. "Toad's Mouth." Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88.
Article from a magazine
Bazell, Robert. "Science and Society: Growth Industry." New Republic 15 Mar. 1993: 13-14.
Article from a scholarly journal
Scotto, Peter. "Censorship, Reading, and Interpretation: A Case Study from the Soviet Union." PMLA 109 (1994): 61-70.
Article from a newspaper
Feder, Barnaby J. "For Job Seekers, a Toll-Free Gift of Expert Advice." New York Times 30 Dec. 1993, late ed.: D1+.
Government Publication
United States. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Hearings on the "Equal Rights Amendment". 91st Cong., 2nd sess. S. Res. 61. Washington: GPO, 1970.
Scholarly journals available online independently or as part of an archival database of journals (e.g. JSTOR) provide date of access and
Maynard, W. Barksdale. "Thoreau's House at Walden." Art Bulletin 81.2 (1999): 303-25. JSTOR. 19 Nov. 2002 < http://www.JSTOR.org>.
If the article was accessed through a library or institutional subscription service (e.g. Infotrac Expanded Academic, PsycInfo, Lexis-Nexis) provide the name of database publisher; subscription service; name and location of library or library system providing access; date of access and URL of subscription service's home page, if known
Bueno, Eva Paulino. "Carolina Maria De Jesus in the Context of Testimonios: Race, Sexuality, and Exclusion." Criticism 41. 2 (1999): 257. Infotrac Expanded Academic ASAP, Gale. 22 Sept. 2000
APA( American Psychological Association) is for social sciences and general sciences. Look at it. It puts the date early and ignores the first names of the authors. So they value recentness. The last idea in science should be the best. And the APA system devalues whatever you can learn from first names like maybe gender or ethnicity. It is scientific.
http://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/apa_citations.html
Book by one author
Takaki, R. T. (1979). Iron cages : Race and culture in nineteenth-century America. New York, NY: Knopf.
An edited book
Jelin, E. (Ed.). (1991). Family, household, and gender relations in Latin America. New York, NY: Routledge, Chapman & Hall.
Article or chapter in edited book
Ruiz, V. L. (1992). Star struck: Acculturation, adolescence, and Mexican American women, 1920-1950. In E. West & P. Petrik (Eds.), Small worlds: Children and adolescents in Lawrence, America, 1850-1950 (pp.118-224). Plains, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Article from a scholarly journal
Martinez, E. & Palmer, S. (1993). Beyond black/white: The racisms of our time. Social Justice, 20, 22-35.
Article from a newspaper
For job seekers, a toll-free gift of expert advice. (1993, December 12) New York Times, p. D1.
Article from a magazine
Corliss, R. (1993, September 13). Pacific overtures. Time, 142, 68-70.
Government document Commision on Special Education. (1993) Our future, our children: planning for the next generation (93-094-P). Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office.
General Form for Online periodical:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
General Form for Online document:
Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Internet articles based on an exact duplicate of a print source:
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
Internet articles changed from the print source:
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html
Article in an Internet-only journal:
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/ pre0030001a.html
Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from database :
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.
The Criteria for Sources.
Remember that sources are most effective if they are
1. Recent: The timeliness of the research is important especially in social science and science.
2. Relevant: your choices have to be focused on the topic and your argument.
3. Reliable: Good sources are valid because they are done carefully, in a scholarly way. The best way to check on this is to look for peer reviewed articles, work that has been checked by other researchers, the peers of the author.
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